Topic: Military history/South Asian military history
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🔗 Bradley Manning leaked Granai Airstrike "~86-147, mostly women and children"
The Granai airstrike, sometimes called the Granai massacre, refers to the killing of approximately 86 to 147 Afghan civilians by an airstrike by a US Air Force B-1 Bomber on May 4, 2009, in the village of Granai (sometimes spelled Garani or Gerani) in Farah Province, south of Herat, Afghanistan.
The United States admitted significant errors were made in carrying out the airstrike, stating "the inability to discern the presence of civilians and avoid and/or minimize accompanying collateral damage resulted in the unintended consequence of civilian casualties".
The Afghan government has said that around 140 civilians were killed, of whom 22 were adult males and 93 were children. Afghanistan's top rights body has said 97 civilians were killed, most of them children. Other estimates range from 86 to 147 civilians killed. An earlier probe by the US military had said that 20–30 civilians were killed along with 60–65 insurgents. A partially released American inquiry stated "no one will ever be able conclusively to determine the number of civilian casualties that occurred". The Australian has said that the airstrike resulted in "one of the highest civilian death tolls from Western military action since foreign forces invaded Afghanistan in 2001".
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- "Bradley Manning leaked Granai Airstrike "~86-147, mostly women and children"" | 2013-06-08 | 233 Upvotes 173 Comments
🔗 Mysorean Rockets
Mysorean rockets were an Indian military weapon, the first iron-cased rockets successfully deployed for military use. The Mysorean army, under Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan, used the rockets effectively against the British East India Company during the 1780s and 1790s. Their conflicts with the company exposed the British to this technology, which was then used to advance European rocketry with the development of the Congreve rocket in 1805.
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- "Mysorean Rockets" | 2021-11-02 | 196 Upvotes 103 Comments
🔗 Mecca Defence Alliance
The Mecca Defence Alliance, formerly the Mecca Joint Defence Agreement, also known as the Mecca Pact or Makkah Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance in the Muslim world that was signed into force by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey on 7 August 2026. It builds upon the earlier Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement signed between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia on 17 September 2025 to include Turkey. The pact's ratification was officially announced amidst the 2026 Iran war. The text has not been released.
The Mecca Defence Alliance enshrines a collective security arrangement modelled on Article 5 of NATO, with its official announcement stating that "any armed attack against any one of the three states shall be regarded as an attack against them all." The trilateral pact has been described by Steven A. Cook as a "major change" in Middle East geopolitics and the first institutional arrangement of its kind in the region.
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- "Mecca Defence Alliance" | 2026-10-28 | 25 Upvotes 1 Comments